Prosthetic valves thrombosis (PVT) is defined as any obstruction of the prosthesis by non-infective thrombotic material. The diagnosis of PVT is made by a combination of clinical data (heart failure, absence of prosthetic sounds, cardiogenic shock) and echocardiograpy. The traditional treatment for PVT is surgery with either thrombectomy or replacement of the prosthesis. In recent years, thrombolytic therapy has evolved as a substitute to surgery. Various thrombolytic treatments have been reported with variable success rates including streptokinase, urokinase and recombinant tissue plasminogen activators. However, the data on the use of tenecteplase (a synthetic tissue plasminogen activator) is limited 1.

A 44-year-old Middle Eastern man was admitted for mitral valve replacement. He had history of atrial fibrillation and rheumatic heart disease affecting the mitral valve (MV) with consequent severe mitral stenosis. He was a non-smoker and did not consume alcohol. He had no family history of relevance. He weighed 60 kg and his height was 168 cm.

The patient underwent an uneventful mitral valve replacement using a mechanical 29 mm St Jude prosthesis. He was commenced on oral anticoagulant (warfarin) and a beta blocker. His pre-discharge transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a well-functioning prosthesis with no paravalvular leak. Six months later, the patient presented to his local hospital with exertional dyspnea and orthopnea. He admitted that he had stopped taking his oral anticoagulant therapy 10 days prior to hospitalization: his international normalized ratio was 1.0.

His physical examination showed atrial fibrillation, absent prosthetic click and congested lungs but was otherwise unremarkable. Routine blood investigations were normal. TTE showed immobile posterior mitral leaflet and mobile anterior leaflet with a mean pressure gradient of 20 mmHg (peak pressure 40 mmHg) and reduced surface area of 0.7 cm². He was then referred to our center. His New York Heart Association class on arrival was II and he was in a stable hemodynamic status. A repeat TTE at our center showed a huge left atrial (LA) thrombus in the posterolateral aspect of LA involving the posterior cusp of MV prosthesis which kept it in a closed position with a mobile anterior leaflet (Figure 1A and 1B). These findings were confirmed by transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

We proceeded with thrombolytic treatment using tenecteplase (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) in a slow intravenous infusion of 1.25 mg/h (dose was 0.5 mg/kg and the patient body weight was 60 kg). The patient was closely monitored in an intensive care unit for any sign of cerebral embolism or bleeding. Thrombolysis was continuous for 48 hours. Following 24 hours of tenecteplase treatment, a repeat TTE showed recovery of most of the MV mobility (Figure 2 Figure 2A and 2B) with a significant decrease in LA thrombus size and a recovering blood flow across the MV. The MV area was 2.7 cm² with no paravalvular leak and pericardial effusion.

After 48 hours of treatment, a TEE showed well functioning MV prosthesis with no residual thrombus (Figure 2C and 2D). The surface area was 2.8 cm² and the peak pressure gradient across MV was 6 mmHg with a mean pressure gradient of 2 mmHg. Following thrombolysis, intravenous anticoagulation (unfractionated heparin) was started as a continuous infusion together with oral anticoagulation therapy (warfarin). The combination was then continued until his International Normalised Rate was in the therapeutic range and then heparin was discontinued. The patient was discharged home in a stable condition with no complications. He remained well four months later.

PVT is defined as any obstruction of prosthesis by non-infective thrombotic material. It has an estimated incidence of 0.03% - 4.3% per year 2 and is reported to occur in 0.5% - 8% of the left-sided prosthetic valves and in up to 20% of tricuspid prostheses 34. The most common cause of PVT is inadequate anticoagulant therapy (in up to 82% of cases) 3. Other pathogenic factors include: mitral position of the prosthesis; type of prosthesis; atrial fibrillation; left atrial enlargement; ventricular dysfunction; and multiple valve replacements 5. Diagnosis of prosthetic heart valve thrombosis is made by a combination of clinical data (heart failure, absence of prosthetic sounds, cardiogenic shock), fluoroscopic examination (abnormal mobility of tilting disks) and echocardiographic (both transthoracic and transoesophageal ) abnormalities (high prosthetic gradient, reduction of effective valve orifice area, lack of disk mobility and detection of thrombotic mass adherent to the prosthesis ) 36.

Management of PVT remains controversial. There are currently no randomized controlled trials favoring surgery over thrombolysis and vice versa. Surgery, in the form of thrombectomy or valve replacement, remains the treatment of choice but carries a significant mortality ranging from 4.7% to 20% 237. Thrombolysis, on the other hand, has emerged as an attractive alternative with reported success rates in the region of 75%-88% for PVT 2. Our patient had stable hemodynamics which gave us a window of opportunity to use thrombolysis therapy. If this had been unsuccessful we would have proceeded with surgery. In addition, the patient had received his first MV replacement six months previously and we felt that, by giving him a trial of thrombolysis, we would have spared him the added burden of undergoing surgery twice in a short time period. The current treatment algorithms suggested by some authors include using thrombolysis for right sided PVT while using surgery for left-sided PVT 89. They also recommend using thrombolytic therapy in left-sided PVT if surgery is contraindicated or if the patient is critically ill 9. Others have reported that patients in the New York Heart Association functional classes I and II achieve the best results with thrombolytic therapy with the lowest incidence of peripheral embolism 10. In our case, the use of tenecteplase proved useful in a stable patient with no increased risk. Following thrombolysis, he was placed on oral anticoagulant only. We have not started him on low-dose aspirin because there was no evidence of concomitant coronary artery disease and his thrombosed valve was caused solely by his discontinuation of warfarin. However, recent guidelines have suggested that in such cases the use of low-dose aspirin, in addition to oral anticoagulant, may decrease the chance of recurrence 11.

Thrombolytics reported in the literature are streptokinase, urokinase and recombinant t-PA (alteplase) 5. There are no studies comparing these different thrombolytic agents in PVT 37. The most important complications of thrombolytic therapy are thromboembolic events and cerebral hemorrhage. Thromboembolism is more frequent in left-sided prosthesis with an incidence of 9%-20%. Embolic complications occur in two forms: peripheral embolism and cerebral. Cerebral embolism has an overall incidence 3%-10% (more in the presence of atrial fibrillation). Cerebral hemorrhage rates fluctuate between 0%-3% 37. Tenecteplase is a synthetically engineered variant of alteplase designed to have increased fibrin specificity, greater efficacy, increased resistance to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and a longer half-life. It has been used extensively in acute myocardial infarction (including in our institute) but its use in PVT treatment has rarely been reported 13. One advantage of tenecteplase is that its dosing is based on actual body weight which enhances both safety and efficacy outcomes by avoiding wider fluctuations in the drug plasma concentration. Compared to recombinant t-PA (for example, alteplase), tenecteplase use leads to lower rates of bleeding complications and a decreased risk of cerebral hemorrhage among high risk patients 12. Tenecteplase, contrary to recombinant tissue plasminogen activators, has been synthetically modified which in turn has important clinical applications. The increased fibrin specificity theoretically enhances the enzymatic activity at the clot and reduces systemic fibrinolysis. Furthermore, the increased resistance to PAI-1, an enzyme secreted by platelets that inhibit thrombolytics, may enhance the efficacy of tenecteplase. This drug proved useful in our case where successful thrombolysis was achieved for mitral PVT with no increased risk to the patient. We elected to use it in a slow infusion rate rather than a bolus in order to potentially reduce the risk of breaking up the thrombus into large emboli and to potentially reduce the risk of cerebral bleed.

We present a rare case of mitral PVT which was successfully treated with tenecteplase. Its use proved to be useful with no extra risk to the patient.

LA: left atrial; MV: mitral valve; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PVT: prosthetic valve thrombosis; TEE: trans-esophageal echocardiography; t-PA: tissue plasminogen activator; TTE: trans-thoracic echocardiography.

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

NAS wrote the initial manuscript. FAS and JAF were major contributors in the writing of the manuscript. NAS and EAS conducted the literature review in this paper and edited the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript