Case report

Nonconstrictive epicarditis mimicking a cardiac mass in a 71-year-old Caucasian man: a case report and review of the literature

Asa M Margolis¹ , Andrew B Emmerman¹ , Mario Rascon² and Saima I Chaudhry¹

¹  Department of Medicine North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York 11030, NY, USA

²  Department of Pathology, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York 11030, NY, USA

author email corresponding author email

Journal of Medical Case Reports 2009, 3:2doi:10.1186/1752-1947-3-2

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/3/1/2

Received:	4 August 2008
Accepted:	6 January 2009
Published:	6 January 2009

© 2009 Margolis et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Introduction

Isolated cases of epicarditis are rare. Thus far, all have occurred with constrictive physiology as most cases involve both parietal and visceral pericardium. We report the first case of asymptomatic epicarditis that involved only the visceral pericardium presenting without constrictive physiology.

Case presentation

A 71-year-old male with a history of atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, pericardial effusion, type-2 diabetes and hypothyroidism presented with 5 weeks of fatigue and 1 day of dizziness. Physical examination was significant for pallor and tachycardia. Laboratory analysis revealed a hemoglobin count of 7.2 g/dl and iron deficiency anemia. The patient was transfused and evaluated by endoscopic ultrasound. A polypoid mass in the gastric cardia was found and later diagnosed as gastric adenocarcinoma (staged as T1N0M0). The pericardial effusion was evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography which showed a 2.0 × 2.7 cm mass associated with the right atrium. Transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the mass but did not reveal constrictive physiology. Whole-body contrast computed tomography failed to demonstrate metastatic disease. Biopsy of the cardiac mass revealed epicarditis without parietal pericardium involvement. Partial gastrectomy was performed to remove the gastric adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion

This is the first reported case of asymptomatic epicarditis. Our case was especially unusual because the epicarditis presented as an incidental cardiac mass. The clinical picture was complicated due to the concomitant presence of gastric adenocarcinoma and chronic pericardial effusion. This case demonstrates that epicarditis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cardiac masses.

Introduction

Epicarditis, inflammation of the visceral epicardium, occurs very rarely. Most often, cases of epicarditis occur concurrently with both parietal pericardium involvement and constrictive physiology. In these reports, epicarditis was most often diagnosed after pericardiectomy failed to alleviate the patient's symptoms. However, isolated cases of exclusive epicarditis without involvement of the parietal pericardium or myocardium have been reported.

We report the first case of asymptomatic effusive epicarditis without involvement of the parietal pericardium. In our patient, epicarditis presented as a cardiac mass occurring synchronously with newly diagnosed gastric adenocarcinoma. To our knowledge, prior cases of epicarditis have not occurred in the setting of a malignancy and only one prior patient presented with a cardiac mass. The uniqueness of our case is illustrated by contrasting our patient with prior reports of epicarditis with the emphasis on patient presentation, presence of constrictive physiology, method of diagnosis and suspected etiology. We do not include cases of epicarditis that occurred as a consequence of traumatic injury, thoracic surgery or neonatal cases.

Case presentation

A 71-year-old Caucasian man with a past medical history significant for type-2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, chronic pericardial effusion and hypothyroidism presented with 5 weeks of increasing fatigue and 1 day of dizziness.

Physical examination revealed that the patient was afebrile, had a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, an irregularly irregular heart rate of 102 beats per minute and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute. There was no pulsus parodoxus. Examination of the head and neck showed pale conjunctiva, no palpable lymphadenopathy, jugular venous distension or bruits. Auscultation of the chest revealed scattered rhonchi. The patient was mildly tachycardic with no S3 or S4 heart sounds, murmurs or rubs appreciated. There was no hepatosplenomegaly, clubbing, cyanosis or edema and stools were guaiac negative.

An electrocardiogram (EKG) on admission demonstrated atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response with low voltage QRS complexes; electrical alternans were not present. The chest radiograph showed a very minimal pleural effusion with no cardiomegaly, infiltrates or masses.

Laboratory analysis revealed a white blood-cell count of 12,900/L, with a normal differential, and a hemoglobin and hematocrit of 7.2 g/dl and 23.4%, respectively. The platelet count was 387 thousand/L. The red cell indices were microcytic and iron studies revealed an iron deficiency anemia. Liver function tests were normal. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was 167 U/L (within normal limits). The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was 16.49 mcIU/ml and the free T3 was 57 mcg/ml.

The patient was admitted for anemia and worked up for a gastrointestinal bleed. Three units packed red blood cells were transfused. Upper endoscopy revealed a mass just below the gastroesophageal junction and three nonbleeding gastric ulcers. To further evaluate the gastric mass, an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was performed demonstrating a 30 × 17 mm polypoid mass visualized in the gastric cardia limited to the mucosa/submucosa. The biopsy revealed gastric adenocarcinoma, staged as T1N0M0 by EUS, and was Helicobacter pylori-negative.

A two-dimensional echocardiogram was preformed to evaluate an 8-month old pericardial effusion. It demonstrated a 2.0 × 2.7 cm mass associated with the right atrium (RA). To better define the mass and its anatomic relationship within the RA, several imaging procedures were performed: 1) transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) showing a 5.7 cm² shaped echodensity within the wall of the RA and a second, 16 cm² echodensity, that extended across the atrioventricular groove (Figure 1); 2) a contrast computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis negative for metastasis, but significant for a large pericardial effusion without pericardial thickening and a 2.6 × 2.1 cm filling defect in the right atrial appendage (Figure 2); and 3) a cardiac MRI demonstrating a homogenous enhancing mass along the lateral wall of the right atrium. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan demonstrated a hypermetabolic region in the heart corresponding to the mass observed on CT.

At this point, our differential diagnosis included a primary gastric adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the heart as well as two separate primary neoplastic processes (one involving the heart and one involving the stomach).

To determine the etiology of the cardiac mass, a biopsy was accomplished via a pericardial window through an anterolateral thoracotomy. At thoracotomy, the parietal pericardium appeared normal. Visual inspection revealed several nodular areas over the body of the right atrium, superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC). There was no evidence of a thickened, constrictive layer surrounding the heart. Two hundred milliliters of straw-colored fluid was recovered from the pericardial cavity. The fluid was negative for malignant cells and consisted of a few benign and reactive mesothelial cells mixed with inflammatory cells and proteinaceous debris. Viral, bacterial and mycobacterial cultures of the pericardial fluid were negative. Biopsy revealed a normal parietal pericardium and myocardium. However, the visceral pericardium showed a lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate diagnostic of epicarditis (Figure 3). After thoracotomy, the patient had a partial gastrectomy to remove the adenocarcinoma. The postoperative course was complicated by infection, requiring a 3-month stay in the intensive care unit. During this time, there was no evidence suggestive of constrictive physiology. Since the patient continued to remain asymptomatic from the epicarditis, no further imaging studies or procedures were performed to follow the "mass." The patient eventually succumbed to infection.

Discussion

Our case presents several significant and rare findings: 1) epicarditis without involvement of the parietal pericardium; 2) epicarditis occurring without constrictive physiology; 3) epicarditis mimicking a cardiac tumor; and 4) epicarditis occurring with gastric adenocarcinoma.

The co-existence of a pericardial effusion and constrictive epicarditis was first described by Burchell [1] and Edwards [2] in 1954. Since then, there have been reported cases of epicarditis associated with various medical conditions (Tables 1 and 2) [3-11]. The natural history has been described as sequential, with progression from subacute effusive constrictive epicarditis to chronic constriction without effusion and, ultimately, the possibility of myocardial infiltration [4]. To our knowledge, this is the first report of asymptomatic epicarditis without parietal pericardial involvement. Only two cases of exclusive epicarditis (one presenting as a mass) have been reported previously and both occurred in the setting of symptoms and constrictive physiology. These patients had a grossly and microscopically normal parietal pericardium (Table 1). There is the possibility that other cases of asymptomatic epicarditis have occurred in patients. However, these individuals would not have presented in a manner to warrant investigation for such a diagnosis. Thus, we looked into whether any post-mortem studies have addressed this as a finding. There was no evidence of clinicopathological studies or post-mortem cardiac examination reporting a dense fibrous epicardium or diagnosis of epicarditis.

Our case highlights the importance of cardiac biopsy in the differential diagnosis of cardiac masses. Despite the absence of metastasis on radiographic imaging, the possibility that the cardiac mass represented a metastatic adenocarcinoma, or a second malignant process, necessitated the need for biopsy. Cardiac biopsy with immunohistochemical staining was instrumental in determining the diagnosis of epicarditis.

Prior case reports have suggested the etiology of epicarditis to be infectious in origin, including reports citing viral, bacterial and mycobacterial causes. However, in many of the case reports, no cause was reported. Although there have been no reports of epicarditis occurring as a paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with any type of malignancy, there are few reports of gastric carcinoma occurring with paraneoplastic syndromes. We raise the possibility that our patient's gastric adenocarcinoma created an inflammatory milieu resulting in a localized, focal inflammatory response in the epicardium mimicking a cardiac mass. The biological basis for this paraneoplastic phenomenon may be similar to other paraneoplastic processes in which there is the elaboration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as growth factors produced by the tumor [12]. While gastric cancer is not a malignancy often associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, there are documented dermatologic findings suggested as systemic manifestations related to a paraneoplastic phenomenon, including dermatomyositis [13]. Further, there are other paraneoplastic conditions that have been demonstrated to occur with gastric cancer including reports of Anti-Yo-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration [14] and palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis [15].

Conclusion

Our case highlights several important points: 1) epicarditis can be asymptomatic and can occur without involvement of the parietal pericardium; 2) it can mimic a cardiac mass; 3) cardiac biopsy is essential for diagnosis; and 4) although most reports have suggested infection as the etiology, we raise the possibility of a paraneoplastic syndrome creating the epicarditis. To that end, further studies should investigate this hypothesis.

Once the diagnosis is established, epicarditis should be treated on a case-by-case basis based on patient symptomatology and expectant morbidity. If constrictive physiology develops, one must distinguish whether it is the result of parietal and/or visceral pericardial involvement. Treatment should then be directed at removal of the involved layer.

Abbreviations

EKG: electrocardiogram; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; TEE: transesophageal echocardiogram; CT: computed tomography; EUS: endoscopic ultrasound; RA: right atrium; PET: positron emission tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; SVC: superior vena cava; IVC: inferior vena cava

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the next of kin of the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

AM, AE, and SC were all involved in the conception of the case report, data collection, review of literature and writing the manuscript. MR participated in data collection and in rendering a pathological diagnosis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

References

1. Burchell HB: Problems in the recognition and treatment of pericarditis.

   J Lancet 1954, 74(12):465-470. PubMed Abstract

2. Edwards JE: An atlas of acquired diseases of the heart and great vessels. Volume 1. London and Philadelphia: WB Saunders & Co; 1961:436-441.

3. Dalvi BV, Bisne VV, Khandeparkar S: Localized epicarditis mimicking a cardiac tumor.

   Chest 1990, 98:758-759. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

4. Rasaretnam R, Chanmugam D: Subacute effusive constrictive epicarditis.

   Br Heart J 1980, 44:44-48. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text

5. Ha JW, Chang BC, Choi BW, Chung N, Shin WH, Cho SY, Kim SS: Constrictive epicarditis as an unusual cause of constrictive physiology.

   Circulation 2005, 111:365-366. Publisher Full Text

6. Cooper DK, Sturridge MF: Constrictive epicarditis following Coxsackie virus infection.

   Thorax 1976, 31:472-474. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text

7. Castellanos A, Mercado H, Traggis DG, Altman DH: Successful surgical treatment of constrictive epicarditis in a ten-month-old infant: a case report.

   Acta Cardiol 1969, 24(6):633-644. PubMed Abstract

8. Chou TM, Jue J, Merrick SH, Schiller NB, Foster E: Effusive constrictive epicarditis and atrial septal defect.

   AM Heart J 1993, 125:1193-1195. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

9. Walsh TJ, Baughman KL, Gardner TJ, Bulkley BH: Constrictive epicarditis as a cause of delayed or absent response to pericardiectomy.

   J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982, 83(1):126-132. PubMed Abstract

10. Wilson DR, Lenkei SC, Paterson JF: Acute constrictive epicarditis following Infectious Mononucleosis; case report.

    Circulation 1961, 23:257-260. PubMed Abstract

11. Stolberg HO, Molnes RB: Constrictive epicarditis and hemopericardium.

    J Can Assoc Radiol 1962, 13:86-94. PubMed Abstract

12. Algun E, Alici S, Topal C, Ugras S, Erkoc R, Sakarya ME, Ozbey N: Coexistence of subacute thyroiditis and renal cell carcinoma: a paraneoplastic syndrome.

    CMAJ 2003, 168:985-986. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text

13. Dhungel S, Chalise SN, Kandel S, Shrestha B, Paudel B: Dysphagia as a presenting symptom in a case of dermatomyositis and occult gastric malignancy.

    Nepal Med Coll J 2005, 7:77-80. PubMed Abstract

14. Meglic B, Graus F, Grad A: Anti-Yo-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in a man with gastric adenocarcinoma.

    J Neurol Sci 2001, 185:135-138. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

15. Enomoto M, Takemura H, Suzuki M, Yuhara T, Akama T, Yamane K, Sumida T: Palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis associated with gastric carcinoma: complete resolution after total gastrectomy.

    Intern Med 2000, 39:685-686. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

Have something to say? Post a comment on this article!